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the kneelsit GLOSSARY Pg.22

medical and general terms relating to posture, sitting, musculoskeletal and back problems

ABBREVIATIONS:- Gr.= Greek; L.= Latin; Fr.= French; Ger = German; NA = Nomina Anatomica

T.(cont.)

Tabes - temporozygomatic  |   tenalgia - tibiotarsal  |  tenosynovitis - tissue  |   torticollar - tympanic

torticollar (tor"ti-kol'ar). Concerning torticollis.

torticollis (tor"ti-kol'is) [L. tortus, twisted, + collum, neck]. Stiff neck caused by spasmodic contraction of neck muscles drawing the head to one side with chin pointing to the other side. Congenital or acquired. The muscles affected are principally those supplied by the spinal accessory nerve. SYN: wryneck.
t., fixed. Abnormal position of head due to organic shortening of the muscles.
t., intermittent. T., spasmodic.
t., rheumatic. T., symptomatic.
t., spasmodic. Torticollis with recurrent but transient contractions of muscles, of the neck and esp. of the sternocleid mastoid. SYN: t., intermittent. TREAT: Botulinum toxin has been use  experimentally with good results.
t., spurious. Torticollis from caries of the cervical vertebrae.
t., symptomatic. Rheumatic stiff neck, SYN: t., rheumatic.
tortipelvis (tor"ti-pel'vis) [" pelvis, basin]. Muscular spasms that distort the spine and hip. SYN: dystonia, musculorum, deformans.

total hip replacement. Surgical procedure used in treating severe arthritis of the hip. Both the head of the femur and the acetabulum are replaced with metal components.
The acetabulum replacement is covered with a plastic material so that there is metal-to-plastic contact rather than metalto-metal. SEE: arthroplasty.

tract (trakt) [L. tractus, extent]. 1. A course or pathway. 2. A group or bundle of nerve fibres within the spinal cord or brain that constitutes an anatomical and.  3. A group of organs or parts forming a continuous pathway.
t., ascending. White fibers in the spinal cord that carry nerve impulses toward the brain.
t., descending. Fibers in the spinal cord that carry nerve impulses from the brain.
t., dorsolateral. A spinal cord tract superficial to the tip of the dorsal horn. It is made up of short pain and temperature fibers that are processes of neurons having their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion. SYN: Lissauer's tract,
t., extrapyramidal. SEE: system, extrapyramidal.
t., motor. Descending pathway that conveys motor impulses from the brain to lower portions of the spinal cord.
t., pyramidal. Any of the columns of motor fibers in the spinal cord that are continuations of pyramids in the medulla.

traction (trak'shun) [L. tractio]. Process of drawing or pulling.
t., head. Traction applied to the head as in the treatment of injuries to cervical vertebrae.

tractotomy (trak-tot'o-me). Surgical section of a fiber tract of the central nervous system. Sometimes resorted to for relief of intractable pain.

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. ABBR: TENS. Application of mild electrical stimulation to skin electrodes placed over a painful area. It causes interference with transmission of painful stimuli

transection (tran-sek'shun) [" + sectio, cutting]. A cutting made across along axis; a cross section.

transsegmental (trans"seg-men'tal) [" + segmentum, a cutting]. Extending across or beyond a segment, as of a limb.

transsphenoidal (trans"sfe-noy'dal). Done through the sphenoid bone

transversalis (trans"ver-sa'lis) [" + voertere, to turn]. A structure occurring at right angles to the long axis of the body.

transversalis fascia. A thin membrane forming the peritoneal surface of the transversus muscle and its aponeurosis.

transverse (trans-vers') [L. transversus]. Lying at right angles to the long axis of the body; crosswise.

transversectomy (trans"ver-sek'to-me) [" + Gr. ektome, excision]. Excision of a transverse vertebral process.

transverse foramen. Canal through the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae for passage of the vertebral arteries.

transversus (trans-ver'sus) [L.]. 1. Any of several small muscles. 2. Lying across the long axis of a part or organ.

tremor (trem'or, tre'mor) [L. tremor, a shaking]. 1. A quivering, esp. continuous quivering of a convulsive nature. 2. An involuntary movement of a part or parts of the body resulting from alternate contractions of opposing muscles.
Tremors may be classified as involuntary, static, dynamic, kinetic, hereditary, and hysteric. Pathologic tremors are independent of the will. The trembling may be fine or coarse, rapid or slow, may appear on movement (intention tremor) or improve when the part is employed. Often due to organic disease; trembling may express an emotion (e.g., fear). All abnormal tremors except palatal and ocular myoclonus disappear during sleep.
t., fiblillary. Tremor caused by consecutive contractions of separate muscular fibrillae rather than of a muscle or muscles.
t., fine. A rapid tremor.
t., flapping. Coarse tremor of a muscle group. The supported part momentarly loses its support and there is an attempt to regain the support. When seen in the oustretched arm and hand, the part flaps like a wing. Seen in hepatic coma and other diseases that cause encephalopathy..
t., Hunt's. Tremor associated with all voluntary movements. It is present in certain cerebellar lesions.
t., intention. Tremor when voluntary motion is attempted.
t., intermittent. Tremor common to paralyzed muscles in hemoplegia when attempting voluntary movement.
t., muscular. Slight oscillating muscular contractions in rhythmical order.
t., volitional. Trembling of limbs or of  body when making a voluntary effort. Seen in multiple sclerosis and other nervous diseases.

triangle (tri'ang-gl) [L. triangulum]. A figure or area formed by three angles and three sides.
t., anterior, of neck. The space bounded by the middle line of the neck, the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscles and a line running along the lower border the mandible and continued to the mastoid process of the occipital bone.
t., carotid, inferior. The space bounded  by the middle line of the neck, the sterno-mastoid muscle, and the anterior belly, of the omohyoid muscle.
t., carotid, superior. The space bounded by the anterior belly of the omohyoid muscle, the posterior belly of the digastricus muscle, and the sternomastoid muscle. 
t., cephalic. Triangle on the antero posterior plane of the skull formed bylines the joining the occiput and forehead and chin, and a line uniting the occiput and the chin.
t., femoral. Triangle on the inner part of the thigh, bounded by sartorius and adductor longus muscles and above by the inguinal ligament. SYN: t., inguinal; Scarpa's.
t., inguinal. T., femoral.
t., lumbocostoabdominal.    Triangle bounded in front by the obliqvus abdominis externus, above by the lower border of the serratus posticus inferior and the point of the 12th rib, behind by the outer edge of the erector spinae, and below by the obliqvus abdominis internus.
t., muscular. T., carotid, inferior.
t., mylohyoid. The triangular space formed by the mylohyoid muscle and the two bellies of the digastric muscle.
t., occipital, of the neck. Triangle bounded by the sternocleidomastoid, the trapezius, and the omohyoid muscles.
t, of elbow. The area in front of the elbow bounded by the brachioradialis and the pronator teres muscles on the sides, and with the base toward the humerus.
t. of necessity. T., carotid, inferior,
t. of Petit. The space above the hip bone between the exterior oblique muscle, the latissimus dorsi, and the interior oblique muscle.
t., posterior cervical. Triangle bounded by the upper border of the clavicle, the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the anterior border of the trapezius muscle.
t., Scarpa"s. T., femoral.
t., submandibular. The triangular region of the neck, bounded by the inferior border of the mandible, the stylohyoid muscle and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle; it is one of three triangles included in the anterior triangle of the neck. Formerly called submaxillary triangle.
t., suboccipital. Triangle bounded by the obliqvus inferior and superior muscles on two sides and the rectus capitis posterior major muscle on the third side. The floor contains the posterior arch of the atlas bone and the vertebral artery. It is covered by the semispinalis capitis muscle.

trigeminal nerve. A large mixed nerve arising superficially from the side of the pons near its superior border. It is attached to the brain stem by two roots: a large sensory root and a small motor root. The sensory root bears an enlargement, the semilunar gasserian ganglion, from which three large branches arise. These are ophthalmic, purely sensory, from skin of upper part of head, mucous membranes of nasal cavity and sinuses, cornea and conjunctiva; maxillary, purely sensory, from dura mater, gums and teeth of upper jaw, upper lip, and orbit; mandibular, the largest division, containing sensory fibers from tongue, gums and teeth of lower jaw, skin of cheek, lower jaw and lip, and motor fibers supplying principally muscles of mastication. SYN: fifth cranial nerve; nervus trigeminus.

trigger finger. State in which flexion or extension of a digit is arrested temporarily but finally completed with a jerk. Any finger may be involved, but the ring or middle fingers are most often affected.

trigger point or zone. Any place on the body that when stimulated causes a sudden pain in a specific area, esp. a type of pain previously felt spontaneously at the same location.

trochlea (trok'le-a) [Gr. trokhileia, system of pulleys]. (pl. trochleae) 1. A structure having the function of a pulley; a ring or hook through which a tendon or muscle projects. 2. The articular smooth surface of a bone upon which glides another bone.

trochlea of the elbow. A surface on the distal humerus that articulates with the ulna.

trochlear (trok'le-ar). 1. Of the nature of a pulley. 2. Pert. to a trochlea.

trochlear fovea. A depression on the orbital plate of the frontal bone for attachment of the cartilaginous pulley of the superior oblique muscle.

trochlear nerve. A small mixed nerve exiting from the dorsal surface of the midbrain. It contains efferent motor fibers to the superior oblique muscle of the eye and afferent sensory fibers conveying proprioceptive impulses from the same muscle.

trochoid (tro'koyd) [Gr. trokhos, a wheel, + eidos, form, shape]. Rotating or revolving, noting an articulation resembling a pivot or pulley. SEE: joint, pivot.

trochoides (tro-koy'dez). A pivot or rotary joint.

tubercle (tu'ber-kl) [L. tuberculum, a little swelling]. 1. A small rounded elevation or eminence on a bone. 2. A small nodule, esp. a circumscribed solid elevation of the skin or mucous membrane. 3. The characteristic lesion resulting from infection by tubercle bacilli. It consists typically of three parts: a central giant cell, a midzone of epithelioid cells, and a peripheral zone of nonspecific structure. SYN: tuberculum.
t., adductor. Tubercle of the femur to which is attached the tendon of the adductor magnus.
t., deltoid.  Tubercle on the clavicle for attachment of the deltoid muscle.
t., pubic. A small projection at the crest at the lateral end of the crest of the pubic bone. The inguinal ligament attaches to it.
t., supraglenoid. A rough, elevated area just above the glenoid cavity of the clavicle. The long head of the biceps muscle of the arm attaches to this tubercle.

tuberosity (tu-ber-os'i-te) [L. tuberositas, tuberosity]. 1. An elevated round process of a bone. 2. A tubercle or nodule.
t., ischial. A palpable prominence on the inferior margin of the ischium which supports a person's weight when sitting. *

tumor (tu'mor) [L. tumor, a swelling]. 1. A swelling or enlargement. 2. Swelling, one of the four classical signs of inflammation. The others are calor (heat), dolor (pain), and rubor (redness). 3. A spontaneous new growth of tissue forming an abnormal mass. It is with few exceptions of unknown cause, noninflammatory, and develops independent of, and unrestrained by normal laws of growth and morphogenesis. SYN: neoplasm. SEE: cancer.

tunnel (tun'el). A narrow channel or passageway.
t., Carpal. The canal in the wrist bounded by osteofibrous material through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass.
t., flexor. T., carpal,

twitch (twich) [ME. twicchen]. 1. A simple, quick, spasmodic contraction of a muscle. 2. To jerk convulsively.

tympanum (tim'pan-um) [L.; Gr. tympanon]. The middle ear or tympanic cavity. SYN: eauum tympani; eardrum. SEE: ear, middle.